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The 2010s were defined by large-scale improvements in the availability, power and versatility of commonly available robotic components, as well as the mass proliferation of robots into everyday life, which caused both optimistic speculation and new societal concerns. AH Reffell & Eric Robot (1928)". Archived from the original on 11 November 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2013. By the very end of the decade, robotics had started to make advancements on the nanotechnology scale. In 2019, engineers at the University of Pennsylvania created millions of nanobots in just a few weeks using technology borrowed from the mature semiconductor industry. These microscopic robots, small enough to be injected into the human body and controlled wirelessly, could one day deliver medications and perform surgeries, revolutionizing medicine and health. [130] See also [ edit ] Ashok K. Hemal; Mani Menon (2018). Robotics in Genitourinary Surgery. Springer. pp.8–9. ISBN 978-3-319-20645-5. The Brennan torpedo, invented by Louis Brennan in 1877, was powered by two contra-rotating propellers that were spun by rapidly pulling out wires from drums wound inside the torpedo. Differential speed on the wires connected to the shore station allowed the torpedo to be guided to its target, making it "the world's first practical guided missile". [40] In 1897 the British inventor Ernest Wilson was granted a patent for a torpedo remotely controlled by "Hertzian" (radio) waves [41] [42] and in 1898 Nikola Tesla publicly demonstrated a wireless-controlled torpedo that he hoped to sell to the US Navy. [43] [44]
AI emotion-detection software tested on Uyghurs". BBC News. 25 May 2021 . Retrieved 4 October 2022. TechCast Article Series, Jason Rupinski and Richard Mix, "Public Attitudes to Androids: Robot Gender, Tasks, & Pricing" A robot is a machine—especially one programmable by a computer—capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically. [2] A robot can be guided by an external control device, or the control may be embedded within. Robots may be constructed to evoke human form, but most robots are task-performing machines, designed with an emphasis on stark functionality, rather than expressive aesthetics. a b Hoy, Greg (28 May 2014). "Robots could cost Australian economy 5 million jobs, experts warn, as companies look to cut costs". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 29 May 2014. Armin Krishnan (2016). Killer Robots: Legality and Ethicality of Autonomous Weapons. Routledge. p.19. ISBN 978-1-317-10912-9.
Military robots include the SWORDS robot which is currently used in ground-based combat. It can use a variety of weapons and there is some discussion of giving it some degree of autonomy in battleground situations. [159] [160] [161] The idea of automata originates in the mythologies of many cultures around the world. Engineers and inventors from ancient civilizations, including Ancient China, [14] Ancient Greece, and Ptolemaic Egypt, [15] attempted to build self-operating machines, some resembling animals and humans. Early descriptions of automata include the artificial doves of Archytas, [16] the artificial birds of Mozi and Lu Ban, [17] a "speaking" automaton by Hero of Alexandria, a washstand automaton by Philo of Byzantium, and a human automaton described in the Lie Zi. [14] Early beginnings The manufacturing tradition of automata continued in the Greek world well into the Middle Ages. On his visit to Constantinople in 949 ambassador Liutprand of Cremona described automata in the emperor Theophilos' palace, including a b Armin Krishnan (2016). Killer Robots: Legality and Ethicality of Autonomous Weapons. Routledge. p.20. ISBN 978-1-317-10912-9. In 1903, the Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres Quevedo demonstrated a radio control system called " Telekino" at the Paris Academy of Sciences, [45] which he wanted to use to control an airship of his own design. He obtained some patents in other countries. [46] Unlike the previous mechanisms, which carried out actions of the 'on/off' type, Torres developed a system for controlling any mechanical or electrical device with different states of operation. [47]
Deborah Levine Gera (2003). Ancient Greek Ideas on Speech, Language, and Civilization. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925616-7 . Retrieved 31 December 2007. The word robot was introduced to the public by the Czech interwar writer Karel Čapek in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), published in 1920. [6] The play begins in a factory that uses a chemical substitute for protoplasm to manufacture living, simplified people called robots. The play does not focus in detail on the technology behind the creation of these living creatures, but in their appearance they prefigure modern ideas of androids, creatures who can be mistaken for humans. These mass-produced workers are depicted as efficient but emotionless, incapable of original thinking and indifferent to self-preservation. At issue is whether the robots are being exploited and the consequences of human dependence upon commodified labor (especially after a number of specially-formulated robots achieve self-awareness and incite robots all around the world to rise up against the humans). Unimate, the first digitally operated and programmable robot, was invented by George Devol in 1954 and "represents the foundation of the modern robotics industry." [66] [67]Maxmen, Amy (24 October 2018). "Self-driving car dilemmas reveal that moral choices are not universal". Nature. 562 (7728): 469–470. Bibcode: 2018Natur.562..469M. doi: 10.1038/d41586-018-07135-0. PMID 30356197. S2CID 53023323. T. N. Hornyak (2006). Loving the Machine: The Art and Science of Japanese Robots. Kodansha International.
Asimov, Isaac; Frenkel, Karen (1985). Robots: Machines in Man's Image. New York: Harmony Books. p.13. Cheney, Margaret [1989:123] (1981). Tesla, Man Out of Time. Dorset Press. New York. ISBN 0-88029-419-1 Truitt, Elly R. "The Garden of Earthly Delights: Mahaut of Artois and the Automata at Hesdin". Iowa Research Online, University of Iowa . Retrieved 22 June 2018. In the 4th century BC the mathematician Archytas of Tarentum postulated a mechanical bird he called "The Pigeon", which was propelled by steam. [13] Taking up the earlier reference in Homer's Iliad, Aristotle speculated in his Politics (ca. 322 BC, book 1, part 4) that automata could someday bring about human equality by making possible the abolition of slavery:Takeo Kanade Collection: Envisioning Robotics: Direct Drive Robotic Arms" . Retrieved 31 August 2007.
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